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Inside the Minds of Modern Hunter and Gatherers

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The Leakey Foundation

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Partner:: Leakey Foundation
Location:: California Academy of Sciences
San Francisco, CA
Event Date:: 04.28.12
Speaker:: Kristen Hawkes
Tags:: primate; family; heritage

Summary: Beginning my ethnographic work with hunter-gatherers I assumed that most distinctive human features evolved as a consequence of ancestral females pairing with hunting males to form nuclear families with men provisioning their wives and dependent offspring. Challenges to that “hunting hypothesis” have mounted in paleoanthropology and archaeology, but it was behavioral findings that forced my own paradigm shift. I’ll review some of those findings, including evidence of the important role of grandmothers, and some life history comparisons between humans and chimpanzees."

Bio

Kristen Hawkes

Kristen Hawkes is Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the University of Utah. Her ethnographic projects with hunter-gatherers investigate sex and age differences in foraging strategies to improve hypotheses about human evolution. The importance of grandmothers' help for youngsters when their mothers have newborns focused her attention on the evolution of human longevity, and prompted continuing comparisons of human and chimpanzee life history. She is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Scientific Executive Committee of the Leakey Foundation.

Chapters

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29 min 50 sec

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01.: The Hunting Hypothesis

03 min 05 sec

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02.: Utah/UCLA Hadza Project

02 min 56 sec

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03.: Women and Children's Foraging

03 min 55 sec

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04.: Statistics of Women Living Past Childbearing Ages

03 min 45 sec

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05.: Compare Chimpanzee and Humans

04 min 31 sec

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06.: Grandmothering and Evolution

03 min 07 sec

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07.: Why Are Women Strong and Productive After Menopause?

02 min 53 sec

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08.: Consequences for Other Distinctive Features?

03 min 15 sec

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09.: Selection on Infants to Be Engaging to Both Mothers and Others

01 min 34 sec

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10.: Age Structure and Cultural Construction of Our Lives

00 min 48 sec

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29 min 50 sec

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Gender and Social Roles in Hunter-Gatherer Societies

03 min 09 sec

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Kristen Hawkes, Distinguished Professor of Anthropology at the University of Utah, examines how community forms around the collection of food in hunter-gatherer societies.
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29 min 50 sec

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Encyclopædia Britannica Article

human evolution: Evolution of modern human beings from extinct nonhuman and humanlike forms. Genetic evidence points to an evolutionary divergence between the lineages of humans and the great apes on the African continent 8–5 million years ago (mya). The earliest fossils considered to be remains of hominins (members of the human lineage) date to at least 4 mya in Africa; they include the genus Australopithecus and other forms. The next major evolutionary stage, Homo habilis, inhabited sub-Saharan Africa about 2–1.5 mya. Homo habilis appears to have been supplanted by a taller and more humanlike species, Homo erectus, which lived from c. 1,700,000 to 200,000 years ago, gradually migrating into Asia and parts of Europe. Between c. 600,000 and 200,000 years ago, Homo heidelbergensis, sometimes called archaic Homo sapiens, lived in Africa, Europe, and perhaps parts of Asia. Having features resembling those of both H. erectus and modern humans, H. heidelbergensis may have been an ancestor of modern humans and also of the Neanderthals (H. neanderthalensis), who inhabited Europe and western Asia from c. 200,000 to 28,000 years ago. Fully modern humans (H. sapiens) seem to have emerged in Africa only c. 150,000 years ago, perhaps having descended directly from H. erectus or from an intermediate species such as H. heidelbergensis.; human evolution on britannica.com