Bio
Jack Beard
Jack Beard teaches Public International Law, National Security Law, and a seminar entitled U.S. Constitution and Foreign Affairs at UCLA. From 1990 to 2004, he served as Associate Deputy General Counsel (International Affairs), Office of the Secretary of Defense, and was responsible for legal matters related to international defense cooperation and status of forces issues, nonproliferation and international nuclear material control activities, and programs assisting states of the former Soviet Union in the dismantlement of weapons of mass destruction.
He served as the senior legal adviser on U.S. Government delegations negotiating numerous international agreements in the former Soviet Union and the Near East and South Asia Region. Prior to joining the Office of General Counsel in 1990, he held several positions in government and was also previously engaged in private law practice in Washington, D.C. He has written articles on international law and the use of force, the law of war, terrorism, and international efforts to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
Eliana Davidson
Eliana Davidson is an Intelligence Deputy General Counsel for the Office of the General Counsel in the United States Department of Defense. She has been involved in the Report of the Commission on Human Rights.
Knut Doermann
Knut Doermann is a principal member of the International Committee of the Red Cross and the co-author of Elements of War Crimes Under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Sources and Commentary.
Robin Geiss
Robin Geiss is legal advisor at the Legal Division of the International Committee of the Red Cross.
She has published many scholarly articles, including "Armed violence in fragile states: Low-intensity conflicts, spillover conflicts, and sporadic law enforcement operations by third parties" in the ICRC, or the International Review of the Red Cross.
Duncan Hollis
Professor Duncan B. Hollis's scholarship focuses on issues of positivism and authority in international and foreign affairs law—asking who is it that exercises authority in the formation, interpretation and application of international law, and who is it that has the authority to apply such law to, or for, national actors.
Hollis uses treaties as the focal point for this research, examining the status of treaties, and treaty-makers, from international, comparative and constitutional perspectives.
Herbert Lin
Dr. Herbert Lin is chief scientist at the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, National Research Council of the National Academies, where he has been study director of major projects on public policy and information technology.
Prior to his NRC service, he was a professional staff member and staff scientist for the House Armed Services Committee (1986-1990), where his portfolio included defense policy and arms control issues. He received his doctorate in physics from MIT.
Encyclopædia Britannica Articles
- Internet
Publicly accessible computer network connecting many smaller networks from around the world. It grew out of a U.S. Defense Department program called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), established in 1969 with connections between computers at the University of California at Los Angeles, Stanford Research Institute, the University of California-Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. ARPANET's purpose was to conduct research into computer networking in order to provide a secure and survivable communications system in case of war. As the network quickly expanded, academics and researchers in other fields began to use it as well. In 1971 the first program for sending e-mail over a distributed network was developed; by 1973, the year international connections to ARPANET were made (from Britain and Norway), e-mail represented most of the traffic on ARPANET. The 1970s also saw the development of mailing lists, newsgroups and bulletin-board systems, and the TCP/IP communications protocols, which were adopted as standard protocols for ARPANET in 1982–83, leading to the widespread use of the term Internet. In 1984 the domain name addressing system was introduced. In 1986 the National Science Foundation established the NSFNET, a distributed network of networks capable of handling far greater traffic, and within a year more than 10,000 hosts were connected to the Internet. In 1988 real-time conversation over the network became possible with the development of Internet Relay Chat protocols (see chat). In 1990 ARPANET ceased to exist, leaving behind the NSFNET, and the first commercial dial-up access to the Internet became available. In 1991 the World Wide Web was released to the public (via FTP). The Mosaic browser was released in 1993, and its popularity led to the proliferation of World Wide Web sites and users. In 1995 the NSFNET reverted to the role of a research network, leaving Internet traffic to be routed through network providers rather than NSF supercomputers. That year the Web became the most popular part of the Internet, surpassing the FTP protocols in traffic volume. By 1997 there were more than 10 million hosts on the Internet and more than 1 million registered domain names. Internet access can now be gained via radio signals, cable-television lines, satellites, and fibre-optic connections, though most traffic still uses a part of the public telecommunications (telephone) network. The Internet is widely regarded as a development of vast significance that will affect nearly every aspect of human culture and commerce in ways still only dimly discernible.
- Internet on britannica.com
- war
State of conflict, generally armed, between two or more entities. It is characterized by intentional violence on the part of large bodies of individuals organized and trained for that purpose. On the national level, some wars are fought internally between rival political factions (civil war); others are fought against an external enemy. Wars have been fought in the name of religion, in self-defense, to acquire territory or resources, and to further the political aims of the aggressor state's leadership.
- war on britannica.com
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